Satellite TV is a broadcasting service which allows subscribers to receive television signals through a dish-shaped receiver unit. These signals are originally uploaded to a communications satellite that is in a fixed orbit above the earth, and then electronically scrambled to prevent unauthorized downloading. Those who pay a subscription fee for satellite TV service are issued both the receiving dish and a descrambler. The actual tuning information is fed into the television through a cable, much like the earth-bound cable television services in competition with satellite TV providers.
Satellite TV solves many of the problems associated with earlier television broadcasting methods. Television stations originally broadcast their signals in two specific radio wave bands- VHF (very high frequency) and UHF (ultra-high frequency). Aerial antennas placed on roofs or attached to the television itself would receive as much of these radio wave transmissions as possible, but the results could be barely watch able depending on the strength of the signal, the terrain between the station and the television set, and the atmospheric conditions. Cable television systems could provide a better television signal, but this involved stringing miles of insulated wire and creating subscription services.
Satellite TV provides a strong digital signal to subscribers' television sets and is almost completely wireless. Earlier satellite TV systems used very large dish receivers in order to focus the distant signals onto a powered antenna. Since different television channels were located on different communication satellites, these dishes would have to physically turn to predetermined points in the sky in order to receive the proper signals. Because regulation of these early dishes was not uniform, illegal electronic descramblers became a lucrative underground market. Stiffer penalties for unauthorized descramblers paved the way for legitimate satellite TV subscription services.
Modern satellite TV services have streamlined the process. A single communication satellite now remains in a steady orbit above the Earth, allowing all subscribers to mount a much smaller dish receiver at a fixed point. Technicians from the satellite TV provider may install the dish or owners can determine the proper receiving angle and do it themselves. Instead of scanning various satellites for different channels, modern satellite television providers license the use of popular cable or broadcast channels. Much like a cable system, the tuner descrambles selected programs sent out on a specific frequency. This allows satellite providers the option of pay-per-view movie rentals or the blocking of adult-oriented or premium movie channels.
Satellite TV services are especially popular in rural areas with poor broadcast reception and/or no cable service. Purchase of a receiving dish is generally limited to homeowners, not renters. Satellite dishes must have a clear line of sight to the satellite itself for best reception. Some homeowners discover that a grove of trees or mountainous terrain can be problematic. Critics of satellite TV also mention reception problems during heavy rains or snowfall. Signals between an earth-bound receiver and a space-based satellite can be affected by atmospheric conditions between them, but other television services also have similar drawbacks. Many customers prefer the additional channels available on satellite TV systems and the clarity of the digital signals.
COME TO APPLY & START NETWORKING YOUR CONTRY
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Sunday, September 7, 2008
Internet Free Fax
What is Internet Fax?
Internet fax is a type of online service that provides subscribers with the ability to send and receive faxes without a fax machine. Instead, Internet access and an email account is all that is required.
To use an Internet fax service, a subscriber signs up for a small monthly fee and is assigned a fax number. When a fax is sent to the subscriber’s number, the service accepts the fax, turning it into a file that is forwarded to the subscriber’s existing email address.
To send an Internet fax, the subscriber creates an email. The fax content can be written in the body of the email, and attachments are normally permitted. The destination fax number is entered in the “To” field, along with “@” and the Internet fax service name. For example, if the fax number were 1-550-234-5678, the email would be addressed to 15502345678@site.com. In the “Subject” field the user enters the name of the recipient, “Attn: Mr. Jam” for example.
A small toolbar, available for download from the Internet fax service, is used as a plug-in inside the email program. Clicking on the “Send” button on the toolbar sends the email to the Internet fax service. Upon receipt, an automated program converts the email to a fax format, then faxes to the number supplied in the “To” header. The recipient receives the fax normally, through his or her fax machine.
This service can be very convenient. Of the many advantages, your assigned fax number is active 24 hours a day, so that your account can accept faxes around the clock. Contrast this with using a fax machine, which relies on your phone system being free to accept a fax. For those that use one phone line for fax, telephone, and dial-up, an Internet fax service is especially handy. Internet fax services also save paper and fax toner, and do not rely on a serviceable fax machine. All faxes are sent and received as files. They can be printed by choice, but it isn’t necessary.
A further advantage of an Internet fax service is that the subscriber does not need to be familiar with faxing software or fax machines. The convenience of sending and receiving faxes by using the familiar email interface appeals many people.
One of the best features of Internet fax services is that many offer toll-free fax numbers for the U.S. and Canada, so that your U.S. and Canadian clients can fax you for free. Sending faxes is also free of phone charges for the subscriber, as he or she is only sending emails.
When looking into Internet fax services, consider a service that offers a secure website. This provides a mobile “portal” to send/receive faxes while you’re on the road or away from home. Confirmation of sent faxes should be standard, so you can be sure your client got your communication. The ability to send to more than one fax number at a time can also be valuable. Check for a page capacity, as some services may limit the amount of pages the subscriber can send/receive in a month.
Internet fax is a type of online service that provides subscribers with the ability to send and receive faxes without a fax machine. Instead, Internet access and an email account is all that is required.
To use an Internet fax service, a subscriber signs up for a small monthly fee and is assigned a fax number. When a fax is sent to the subscriber’s number, the service accepts the fax, turning it into a file that is forwarded to the subscriber’s existing email address.
To send an Internet fax, the subscriber creates an email. The fax content can be written in the body of the email, and attachments are normally permitted. The destination fax number is entered in the “To” field, along with “@” and the Internet fax service name. For example, if the fax number were 1-550-234-5678, the email would be addressed to 15502345678@site.com. In the “Subject” field the user enters the name of the recipient, “Attn: Mr. Jam” for example.
A small toolbar, available for download from the Internet fax service, is used as a plug-in inside the email program. Clicking on the “Send” button on the toolbar sends the email to the Internet fax service. Upon receipt, an automated program converts the email to a fax format, then faxes to the number supplied in the “To” header. The recipient receives the fax normally, through his or her fax machine.
This service can be very convenient. Of the many advantages, your assigned fax number is active 24 hours a day, so that your account can accept faxes around the clock. Contrast this with using a fax machine, which relies on your phone system being free to accept a fax. For those that use one phone line for fax, telephone, and dial-up, an Internet fax service is especially handy. Internet fax services also save paper and fax toner, and do not rely on a serviceable fax machine. All faxes are sent and received as files. They can be printed by choice, but it isn’t necessary.
A further advantage of an Internet fax service is that the subscriber does not need to be familiar with faxing software or fax machines. The convenience of sending and receiving faxes by using the familiar email interface appeals many people.
One of the best features of Internet fax services is that many offer toll-free fax numbers for the U.S. and Canada, so that your U.S. and Canadian clients can fax you for free. Sending faxes is also free of phone charges for the subscriber, as he or she is only sending emails.
When looking into Internet fax services, consider a service that offers a secure website. This provides a mobile “portal” to send/receive faxes while you’re on the road or away from home. Confirmation of sent faxes should be standard, so you can be sure your client got your communication. The ability to send to more than one fax number at a time can also be valuable. Check for a page capacity, as some services may limit the amount of pages the subscriber can send/receive in a month.
Wireless Router Tips
What to look for when buying a wireless router
There are a wide variety of wireless routers on the market today. The features you need will depend on the extent of your network. In general it is good to look for one that has a built in firewall for security, decent speed and the ability to act as both a wired and wireless router, and good range. Belkin routers and Linksys routers are two popular brands. For the best range and speed, look for a wireless router which uses 802.11g technology.
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Sharing an internet connection with a wireless router
A wireless router hooks up directly to your cable or DSL modem via a cable. The wireless router will then transmit the broadband single to the computers with a wireless card in the range of the network. You will need to make sure that the cards are configured for the home network, same as with a wired network, but after that, you will be wire free!
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Linksys wireless router
Linksys wireless routers are an excellent brand which offers many benefits to users. Linksys makes routers which use 802.11g technology, which offers increased speed and range over older standards. They offer wireless routers in a variety of price ranges so they are affordable and functional for a wide variety of wireless networks. You can also purchase a linksys router with speed booster technology to further increase network speed and productivity.
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Wireless Router
A router is a device which connects one network to another. It is most used for connecting the internet (one large network) with a home or business network. Wireless routers allow you to share a broadband internet connection between several computers.
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Wireless Router with Firewall
Not all wireless routers come equipped with a firewall, but it is worth investing in a router that has one. Linksys wireless routers come in a variety of prices with a variety of firewall capabilities. Depending on the security needs of your wireless network, you may want to consider getting a wireless router with sophisticated firewall technology.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Belkin wireless router
Belkin wireless routers offer excellent range and speed. One of their newest routers, the Belkin Pre-N has 8 times the range and 6 times the speed of regular 802.11g technology routers. They offer a variety of other wireless routers to meet the needs of small and large wireless network administrators.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Wireless Router
The best wireless router will depend on your wireless network. If you have a small network within a small range of one another, it may not be necessary to purchase the latest and greatest wireless router on the market. However, if you run an office or business and want to maintain quality speed and performance, it is in your best interest to purchase the latest technology for the wireless router.
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Wireless Router Password
Most wireless routers come with a default password of admin. To maintain optimal wireless network security, it is a good idea to change this password so others will not be able to access the router, firewall, etc and hack your wireless network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wired and wireless router
Many wireless routers offer the ability to use both a wired and wireless network. If you are not ready, and cannot make the switch fully to a wireless network, consider purchasing a wireless router which offers both options.
There are a wide variety of wireless routers on the market today. The features you need will depend on the extent of your network. In general it is good to look for one that has a built in firewall for security, decent speed and the ability to act as both a wired and wireless router, and good range. Belkin routers and Linksys routers are two popular brands. For the best range and speed, look for a wireless router which uses 802.11g technology.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sharing an internet connection with a wireless router
A wireless router hooks up directly to your cable or DSL modem via a cable. The wireless router will then transmit the broadband single to the computers with a wireless card in the range of the network. You will need to make sure that the cards are configured for the home network, same as with a wired network, but after that, you will be wire free!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linksys wireless router
Linksys wireless routers are an excellent brand which offers many benefits to users. Linksys makes routers which use 802.11g technology, which offers increased speed and range over older standards. They offer wireless routers in a variety of price ranges so they are affordable and functional for a wide variety of wireless networks. You can also purchase a linksys router with speed booster technology to further increase network speed and productivity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Router
A router is a device which connects one network to another. It is most used for connecting the internet (one large network) with a home or business network. Wireless routers allow you to share a broadband internet connection between several computers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Router with Firewall
Not all wireless routers come equipped with a firewall, but it is worth investing in a router that has one. Linksys wireless routers come in a variety of prices with a variety of firewall capabilities. Depending on the security needs of your wireless network, you may want to consider getting a wireless router with sophisticated firewall technology.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Belkin wireless router
Belkin wireless routers offer excellent range and speed. One of their newest routers, the Belkin Pre-N has 8 times the range and 6 times the speed of regular 802.11g technology routers. They offer a variety of other wireless routers to meet the needs of small and large wireless network administrators.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Wireless Router
The best wireless router will depend on your wireless network. If you have a small network within a small range of one another, it may not be necessary to purchase the latest and greatest wireless router on the market. However, if you run an office or business and want to maintain quality speed and performance, it is in your best interest to purchase the latest technology for the wireless router.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Router Password
Most wireless routers come with a default password of admin. To maintain optimal wireless network security, it is a good idea to change this password so others will not be able to access the router, firewall, etc and hack your wireless network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wired and wireless router
Many wireless routers offer the ability to use both a wired and wireless network. If you are not ready, and cannot make the switch fully to a wireless network, consider purchasing a wireless router which offers both options.
Wireless Network Tips
A wireless network is ideal is an office environment. There is no need to worry about running cables, drilling holes, or having large closets or rooms full of cables for the office. It is cheaper to run a wireless network due to lower start up costs. If employees have laptops, it increases productivity as they can work in several locations and clients can easily hook up to the network. An office will also look more professional due to the lack of cables and wires running across the office floor.
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Wireless Network and Your Health
There have been no scientific studies to indicate that wireless signals can affect your health in a negative manner. A wireless network uses radio waves to transmit information and transmit less then an average cell phone.
Wireless Network: WLAN vs. LAN
A LAN is also known as a local area network. A WLAN is a wireless local area network. If your home or office currently uses a LAN, it can easily be converted over to a wireless network, or a wireless network can be added onto the LAN to increase portability, functionality and productivity.
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Running Windows XP on a Wireless Network
If you are running Windows XP and having issues with your wireless network connection, check to see what service pack you are running. Most problems can be fixed by upgrading to service pack 2. Service pack 2 addressed an issue with it’s Wireless Zero Configuration, which affects your wireless network connection ability.
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Peer to Peer Wireless Network
A peer to peer network is a network where computers talk directly to one another for the purpose of sharing files and resources. This form of network is also known as an ad hoc network. This can be set up on a wireless network without the use of an access point or router. All the computers and devices will need to have a wireless internet card and be configured to run on an ad hoc basis. You will not be able to share an internet connection on a peer to peer network.
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Wireless Network Equipment
Setting up a wireless network is simple, and the equipment you will need depend on the kind of wireless network you decide to set up. For a peer to peer network, you will simply need wireless network cards for all the computers. If you are also sharing a network connection, you will need a wireless router and maybe a wireless hub, depending on the amount of devices on the network. You will also need an access point, which can be a dedicated piece of hardware, or a computer with specific software.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits to a Wireless Network
There are several benefits to a wireless network, the main focus being portability. It is common for notebook computer users to use a wireless network card, which will allow them to access the internet, other computers on the network, devices, etc from anywhere within the range of the wireless network. Wireless network management can be simpler then a wired network, because adding new systems does not require wiring of an office or home, plus there are no unsightly cables to troubleshoot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trouble Shooting Wireless Network Problems
If your wireless network is acting sluggish or not working properly, check to make sure that all batteries are charged and working properly in your wireless devices. This includes laptop computers as well. Next, check to make sure you are within range of the access points and/or wireless router and that it is not covered with unnecessary objects. Check to make sure that all configurations are set properly and that there are no objects, such as cordless phones or microwaves in the area that can interfere with the signal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Antenna
A wireless antenna is used to boost the increase the range of a wireless network. However, be sure to check the hardware of the wireless router or access point that you have, because not all are compatible with a wireless antenna. An alternative to boost the range is to add additional access points to the network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network without a Laptop
Even if you do currently own a laptop, there are benefits to considering a wireless network in your home or office. It is easy to expand and add additional computers and devices without having to special wire cables. There are no unsightly cables to look at or trip over. If you ever do purchase a laptop, it will be easy to add into the network. There are no holes to drill, no cables to string, and a wireless network can potentially be less expensive to start up and maintain then a wired one.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Switching to Wireless Network
There are several benefits to running a wireless network. You do not have the costs of running and maintaining cables and you do not need to worry about cables when designing the layout of an office area. Wireless network equipment is comparable in cost to wired equipment. Changing from a wired to a wireless network will give your employees greater freedom and can increase productivity. Clients can stop by the office and access the network, making transfer of files and data easier. Finally, wireless network management can be less complex and costly then that of a wired network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trouble with Access Point on Wireless Network
If you are sure that you have configured the wireless access point/wireless router exactly as stated per manufactures instructions, there is a chance the hardware is defective. While this does not happen often, make sure you save all receipts and contact customer service and tech support of the manufacture to attempt to fix the problem.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network: Access Point Definition
An access point is a station that broadcasts wireless internet to other computers in the wireless network. An access point can be a router, computer, or special access point equipment. It can also be called a base station or hot spot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network: Hot Spot
A hot spot is essentially the same as an access point, but is usually found in restaurants, stores, etc, where people with Wi-Fi laptops can access the internet. Sometimes this service is free, but sometimes it is a paid service.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network Kits
There are several wireless network kits available for setting up computers on a wireless network. These kits include a wireless router and network card.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network and Your Health
There have been no scientific studies to indicate that wireless signals can affect your health in a negative manner. A wireless network uses radio waves to transmit information and transmit less then an average cell phone.
Wireless Network: WLAN vs. LAN
A LAN is also known as a local area network. A WLAN is a wireless local area network. If your home or office currently uses a LAN, it can easily be converted over to a wireless network, or a wireless network can be added onto the LAN to increase portability, functionality and productivity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Running Windows XP on a Wireless Network
If you are running Windows XP and having issues with your wireless network connection, check to see what service pack you are running. Most problems can be fixed by upgrading to service pack 2. Service pack 2 addressed an issue with it’s Wireless Zero Configuration, which affects your wireless network connection ability.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peer to Peer Wireless Network
A peer to peer network is a network where computers talk directly to one another for the purpose of sharing files and resources. This form of network is also known as an ad hoc network. This can be set up on a wireless network without the use of an access point or router. All the computers and devices will need to have a wireless internet card and be configured to run on an ad hoc basis. You will not be able to share an internet connection on a peer to peer network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network Equipment
Setting up a wireless network is simple, and the equipment you will need depend on the kind of wireless network you decide to set up. For a peer to peer network, you will simply need wireless network cards for all the computers. If you are also sharing a network connection, you will need a wireless router and maybe a wireless hub, depending on the amount of devices on the network. You will also need an access point, which can be a dedicated piece of hardware, or a computer with specific software.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits to a Wireless Network
There are several benefits to a wireless network, the main focus being portability. It is common for notebook computer users to use a wireless network card, which will allow them to access the internet, other computers on the network, devices, etc from anywhere within the range of the wireless network. Wireless network management can be simpler then a wired network, because adding new systems does not require wiring of an office or home, plus there are no unsightly cables to troubleshoot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trouble Shooting Wireless Network Problems
If your wireless network is acting sluggish or not working properly, check to make sure that all batteries are charged and working properly in your wireless devices. This includes laptop computers as well. Next, check to make sure you are within range of the access points and/or wireless router and that it is not covered with unnecessary objects. Check to make sure that all configurations are set properly and that there are no objects, such as cordless phones or microwaves in the area that can interfere with the signal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Antenna
A wireless antenna is used to boost the increase the range of a wireless network. However, be sure to check the hardware of the wireless router or access point that you have, because not all are compatible with a wireless antenna. An alternative to boost the range is to add additional access points to the network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network without a Laptop
Even if you do currently own a laptop, there are benefits to considering a wireless network in your home or office. It is easy to expand and add additional computers and devices without having to special wire cables. There are no unsightly cables to look at or trip over. If you ever do purchase a laptop, it will be easy to add into the network. There are no holes to drill, no cables to string, and a wireless network can potentially be less expensive to start up and maintain then a wired one.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Switching to Wireless Network
There are several benefits to running a wireless network. You do not have the costs of running and maintaining cables and you do not need to worry about cables when designing the layout of an office area. Wireless network equipment is comparable in cost to wired equipment. Changing from a wired to a wireless network will give your employees greater freedom and can increase productivity. Clients can stop by the office and access the network, making transfer of files and data easier. Finally, wireless network management can be less complex and costly then that of a wired network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trouble with Access Point on Wireless Network
If you are sure that you have configured the wireless access point/wireless router exactly as stated per manufactures instructions, there is a chance the hardware is defective. While this does not happen often, make sure you save all receipts and contact customer service and tech support of the manufacture to attempt to fix the problem.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network: Access Point Definition
An access point is a station that broadcasts wireless internet to other computers in the wireless network. An access point can be a router, computer, or special access point equipment. It can also be called a base station or hot spot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network: Hot Spot
A hot spot is essentially the same as an access point, but is usually found in restaurants, stores, etc, where people with Wi-Fi laptops can access the internet. Sometimes this service is free, but sometimes it is a paid service.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireless Network Kits
There are several wireless network kits available for setting up computers on a wireless network. These kits include a wireless router and network card.
DSL Broadband tips
What is Broadband?
Broadband is another communication technique in which large amount of data for example audio and video, is transmitted over long distances simultaneously. In broadband transmission, FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) technique is used, in which multiple signals can be transmitted simultaneously. Broadband is the bandwidth used for direct communication between very high speed in mainframe computer. This bandwidth includes satellites, fiber optics media.
What is DSL Broadband?
DSL Broadband basically a high bandwidth internet connection that can transmit and download large amounts of date or information with high speed. You can transmit data 10 times faster than a dial-up connection. We can transmit data in broadband with 512 Kbps to 10 Mbps speed and more. There are many broadband Internet connection providers are available for users but the main competitor of DSL broadband is the cable internet broadband. If the both services are available in your area then always go for DSL broadband due to its reliability and dedicated internet connection as compare to cable broadband.
Advantages and Disadvantages of DSL Broadband Internet Connection
DSL Broadband Internet data transmission speed start from 128 Kbps up to 10 Mbps.
DSL is dedicated connection not shared with other internet user.
DSL monthly rates are between 50$ to 100$.
Your internet speed will depends upon the distance between your home to DSL provider.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cable Broadband Internet Connection
Cable Broadband Internet Connection data transmission speed is start from 64 Kbps to 30Mbps.
Cable internet is not a dedicated connection but shared with other internet user.
Cable monthly rates are between 30$ to 60$.
No distance matter with Cable connection between your home to Cable provider.
Broadband is another communication technique in which large amount of data for example audio and video, is transmitted over long distances simultaneously. In broadband transmission, FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) technique is used, in which multiple signals can be transmitted simultaneously. Broadband is the bandwidth used for direct communication between very high speed in mainframe computer. This bandwidth includes satellites, fiber optics media.
What is DSL Broadband?
DSL Broadband basically a high bandwidth internet connection that can transmit and download large amounts of date or information with high speed. You can transmit data 10 times faster than a dial-up connection. We can transmit data in broadband with 512 Kbps to 10 Mbps speed and more. There are many broadband Internet connection providers are available for users but the main competitor of DSL broadband is the cable internet broadband. If the both services are available in your area then always go for DSL broadband due to its reliability and dedicated internet connection as compare to cable broadband.
Advantages and Disadvantages of DSL Broadband Internet Connection
DSL Broadband Internet data transmission speed start from 128 Kbps up to 10 Mbps.
DSL is dedicated connection not shared with other internet user.
DSL monthly rates are between 50$ to 100$.
Your internet speed will depends upon the distance between your home to DSL provider.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cable Broadband Internet Connection
Cable Broadband Internet Connection data transmission speed is start from 64 Kbps to 30Mbps.
Cable internet is not a dedicated connection but shared with other internet user.
Cable monthly rates are between 30$ to 60$.
No distance matter with Cable connection between your home to Cable provider.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
GPRS protocol is a packet-switch protocol; define for web applications in GSM network. In other words Internet on GSM network is standardized as GPRS network. GPRS has digital structure and this structure based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique. One TDMA frame has 8 time slots (TSs). These TSs can be allocated to users, and single TS can be shared by several active users for uplink and downlink purposes. Different coding schemes are used to enhance data rate from 9Kbps to 150 Kbps per user, and it takes 0.5 to 1 second. Security features in GPRS is provided by GSM network.
GPRS Architecture
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) circuit-switch architecture does not support the GPRS packet-switch architecture. Thus, GPRS requires its own network architecture. Several networks and databases e.g. Mobile Station (MS), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR) in existing GSM network are modified in GPRS network.
GPRS architecture introduces the following network nodes to GSM architecture.
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Mobile Station (MS)
Base Station System (BSS)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
1.Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): In GPRS network SGSN is equivalent to MSC. Packets of data between MSC and Public Switch Data Network (PSDN) are transferred and received by SGSN.
2.Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): GSM databases e.g. HLR and VLR are supported by GGSN. It also interacts with external packet-switch networks.
3.Mobile Station (MS): In GPRS network MS consists of Mobile Terminal (MT) and Terminal Equipment (TE). A computer attached to MT is called a ME. Through air, MT communicates with the BSS.
4.Base Station System (BSS): In BSS, Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) are modified to support GPRS channel coding schemes BTS is modified while to forward calls to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and data to SGSN through Packet Control Unit (PCU), is supported by BSC. One SGSN is served by one BSC.
5.Home Location Register (HLR): In GPRS, HLR contains information about routing. To map an MS to one or more GGSNs, update the SGSN and to store the Internet Protocol (IP) address, this information is accessed by both SGSN and GGSN.
6.Visitor Location Register (VLR): In GPRS. VLR contains the SGSN number and this number indicates the MS currently served by the SGSN.
GPRS Architecture
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) circuit-switch architecture does not support the GPRS packet-switch architecture. Thus, GPRS requires its own network architecture. Several networks and databases e.g. Mobile Station (MS), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR) in existing GSM network are modified in GPRS network.
GPRS architecture introduces the following network nodes to GSM architecture.
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Mobile Station (MS)
Base Station System (BSS)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
1.Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): In GPRS network SGSN is equivalent to MSC. Packets of data between MSC and Public Switch Data Network (PSDN) are transferred and received by SGSN.
2.Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): GSM databases e.g. HLR and VLR are supported by GGSN. It also interacts with external packet-switch networks.
3.Mobile Station (MS): In GPRS network MS consists of Mobile Terminal (MT) and Terminal Equipment (TE). A computer attached to MT is called a ME. Through air, MT communicates with the BSS.
4.Base Station System (BSS): In BSS, Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) are modified to support GPRS channel coding schemes BTS is modified while to forward calls to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and data to SGSN through Packet Control Unit (PCU), is supported by BSC. One SGSN is served by one BSC.
5.Home Location Register (HLR): In GPRS, HLR contains information about routing. To map an MS to one or more GGSNs, update the SGSN and to store the Internet Protocol (IP) address, this information is accessed by both SGSN and GGSN.
6.Visitor Location Register (VLR): In GPRS. VLR contains the SGSN number and this number indicates the MS currently served by the SGSN.
WiMAX Wireless Broadband Info
WiMAX stands for World Interoperability for Microwave Access that enables the actual broadband wireless network with high speed. WiMAX operate same like WiFi but WiFi operate with some limitation like it is base band technology and cover only 100 feet radius with slow speed. WiMAX covers a radius of 50 Km and work with the speed of 70 Mbps. WiMAX is the replacement of the wired broadband. In wired broadband connection, we can transmit data with 512 Kbps to 10 Mbps speed and more, for example DSL broadband and cable broadband. In future all new desktop and notebook computers will be incorporated with WiMAX technology. With this technology you will be connected to the internet even you are driving your car with the speed of 120 Km.
Tips about DSL ISPs
There are many DSL service providers are working in market and offering DSL connection with different rates. Some are providing high speed connection with many extra benefits like first one month free, free modem and may be some free software (popup blocker, antivirus) download option. Mostly DSL provider offering traffic allowed up to 1 GB with basic 128 Kbps internet connection. But if you want to play online games, downloading audio or video files and uploading data, then the traffic allowed(1 GB) in one month from DSL provider will be the main issue for you. May be some DSL provider offering you up to 2 GB or more with the same rates. Always consider their customer support and modem warranty strategy whether they are offering free or paid service in case any problem after getting connection. Some DSL providers offer more benefits for you with DSL connection to compete with others services provider like first one month free, free modem and some antivirus software. Meanwhile some ISP offers you discount package if you will pay them 6 to 8 months advance internet monthly payments. At the end I recommend you, always choose your nearest DSL service provider for good internet speed with minimum problem because distance also matter in DSL.
Introduction networking
Welcome to the world's first absolutely free online Computer Tips, Networking Tips and Hardware troubleshooting tips site. Please have a look around, we offer various help topics including A to Z Computer Free Tips and PC guide.
NETWORKING TUTORIALS
Top reviews:
Wireless Networking
Product search:
Inside the Scanner Guide
DNS
ATM
Router
Routing
Gateway
Cable Net
Ip addressing
DSL
ADSL
Packets
Voip
Network Glossary
Basic Networking
Ethernet
Broadband
Encryption
FTP
Internet
Vlan
Web Server
ISDN
Protocols
VPN
Fiber Optic
OSI Layers
SMTP
Firewall
DHCP
Topologies
NETWORKING TUTORIALS
What is Network?
A network or communication network is a system of interconnected communication devices that can communicate with one another and share information. Therefore computer network can be defined as:
Wireless Networking
Product search:
Inside the Scanner Guide
DNS
ATM
Router
Routing
Gateway
Cable Net
Ip addressing
DSL
ADSL
Packets
Voip
Network Glossary
Basic Networking
Ethernet
Broadband
Encryption
FTP
Internet
Vlan
Web Server
ISDN
Protocols
VPN
Fiber Optic
OSI Layers
SMTP
Firewall
DHCP
Topologies
NETWORKING TUTORIALS
What is Network?
A network or communication network is a system of interconnected communication devices that can communicate with one another and share information. Therefore computer network can be defined as:
Microsoft Excel shortcut keys
Microsoft Excel shortcut keys
Shortcut keys with Ctrl+ Combination
Shortcut keys Action
Ctrl+A Apply to select all cells
Ctrl+B Apply/Remove bold formatting
Ctrl+C Apply to copy the selected word
Ctrl+D Apply to fill down the selected cell
Ctrl+F Display the Find what option
Ctrl+G Apply to run Go to dialog box
Ctrl+H Use to display Find and Replace dialog box
Ctrl+I Apply/Remove Italic formatting
Ctrl+K Apply to insert Hyperlink dialog box
Ctrl+L Press keys to insert Create list dialog box
Ctrl+N Press Keys to create new file
Ctrl+O Press Keys to open new file
Ctrl+P Press Keys to display Print dialog box
Ctrl+S Save the active file
Ctrl+U Press Keys to apply/remove underline
Ctrl+V Press Keys to paste the clipboard values
Ctrl+X Press Keys to cut the selected word
Ctrl+Y Press Keys to run previous action
Ctrl+Z Apply to undo the previous command
Shortcut keys with Ctrl+ Combination
Shortcut keys Action
Ctrl+A Apply to select all cells
Ctrl+B Apply/Remove bold formatting
Ctrl+C Apply to copy the selected word
Ctrl+D Apply to fill down the selected cell
Ctrl+F Display the Find what option
Ctrl+G Apply to run Go to dialog box
Ctrl+H Use to display Find and Replace dialog box
Ctrl+I Apply/Remove Italic formatting
Ctrl+K Apply to insert Hyperlink dialog box
Ctrl+L Press keys to insert Create list dialog box
Ctrl+N Press Keys to create new file
Ctrl+O Press Keys to open new file
Ctrl+P Press Keys to display Print dialog box
Ctrl+S Save the active file
Ctrl+U Press Keys to apply/remove underline
Ctrl+V Press Keys to paste the clipboard values
Ctrl+X Press Keys to cut the selected word
Ctrl+Y Press Keys to run previous action
Ctrl+Z Apply to undo the previous command
Introduction
Welcome to the world's first absolutely free online Computer Tips, Networking Tips and Hardware troubleshooting tips site. Please have a look around, we offer various help topics including A to Z Computer Free Tips and PC guide.
Tuesday, June 10, 2008
TIPS ABOUT DSL ISPs LAN WAN SATTINGs
There are many DSL service providers are working in market and offering DSL connection with different rates. Some are providing high speed connection with many extra benefits like first one month free, free modem and may be some free software (popup blocker, antivirus) download option. Mostly DSL provider offering traffic allowed up to 1 GB with basic 128 Kbps internet connection. But if you want to play online games, downloading audio or video files and uploading data, then the traffic allowed(1 GB) in one month from DSL provider will be the main issue for you. May be some DSL provider offering you up to 2 GB or more with the same rates. Always consider their customer support and modem warranty strategy whether they are offering free or paid service in case any problem after getting connection. Some DSL providers offer more benefits for you with DSL connection to compete with others services provider like first one month free, free modem and some antivirus software. Meanwhile some ISP offers you discount package if you will pay them 6 to 8 months advance internet monthly payments. At the end I recommend you, always choose your nearest DSL service provider for good internet speed with minimum problem because distance also matter in DSL.
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